Disease /disorder

Role of microbiome

Recent finding

Atopy & asthma[19]

Pre- and postnatal microbial

exposures appear key to appropriate immune development.

Mode of delivery and nutrient uptake are important factors for GI

community development and protection against subsequent atopic disease development .

• Mothers exposed to farm animals during pregnancy are less likely to have children who develop asthma and allergies

• Early exposure to cat(s) and/or dog(s) is protective against atopic diseases, presumed to be microbially mediated .

• Infants born through the birth canal are exposed to and colonized by specific Bifidobacteria and Bacteroides species

• Breast-fed infants possess functionally distinct GI microbiomes compared with formula-fed children.

Colon cancer (CC) [20]

High abundance of Clostridium leptum and Clostridium coccoides

subgroups in CC patient GI

bacterial communities .

• Overall bacterial diversity increased for CC patients compared with healthy controls

• CC patients exhibited  GI bacterial community instability compared with healthy controls

• Microbial butyrate production is thought to reduce the chances of CC development [23]

HIV [21]

Gut microbiome dysbiosis may be critical for pathogenesis

• Dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation may be critical to impairment of the GI microbial structure and function in early stages of HIV infection.

•Low abundance of Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli detected in gut microbiomes of early-stage HIV infection [23]

IBD [24, 28]

• Immune response to gut microbial Community.

• Composition of GI microbiota contributes to inflammation.

• Treg-promoting organisms

depleted; overgrowth of bacteria that induce proinflammatory Th17

cell populations .

Crohn's disease (IBDC)

• Characteristics of GI dysbiosis include lower counts of Clostridium leptum , Bacteroides uniformis , Firmicutes, Bacteroides  and higher abundances of E. coli , Proteobacteria  and

Bacteroides ovatus

• Lower number of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,  butyrate producing bacterium, found  in parallel with increased E. coli .

Ulcerative colitis (IBDU)

• Lower levels of Bifidobacteria  and Clostridium coccoides  reported in comparison to healthy individuals

• Differential Clostridium leptum and lactobacilli profiles

identified by DGGE analysis of IBDU and healthy subjects

[28]