Table 1:  Modulators of radiation-induced fibrosis.

Modulator

Biochemical signaling pathway

Fibrotic manifestation

TGFβ

Smad dependent pathways

a SMA collagen

Cytokines

Smad, NFκB

EMT profibrotic responses

TNFα

NFκB

profibrotic responses

ROS/RNS

DNA oxidation, secretion of MMPs

ECM