Key Terms

Definitions

Reference

Dementia

Dementia is defined as the deterioration in memory, behavior, cognitive thinking and the inability to conduct everyday basic activities. It is a chronic progressive neurological disorder. Dementia is associated with emotional and behavioral problems which also decrease the quality of life.

WHO, (2019)

[4]

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

AD is the most common form of dementia that causes problem with the memory function, cognitive thinking, and behavior. Symptoms progress overtime and get severe enough to affect the daily tasks and function.

Alzheimer’s Association, (2019) [22]

Vascular dementia (VD)

VD is the second most common form of dementia. It is described as a set of symptoms that include issues with problem solving/language, memory loss and cognitive issues. This is caused by brain damage which develops after a stroke and blocks the arteries in the brain blocking the blood flow.  When blood flow is impaired, it is possible for the blood vessels to be damaged with reduced circulation.

Mayo Clinic, (2019)

[48]

Lewy Bodies (LB)

LB is a form of dementia which is associated with a protein called alpha-synuclein. This is an abnormal deposit that affects the chemicals in the brain and leads to problems with movement, mood, behavior and thinking.

NIH, (2019)

[49]

Frontotemporal Dementia (FD)

FD is a group of disorders which is a form of dementia. It causes progressive nerve cell loss in the frontal lobe or temporal lobe of the brain. This leads to a deterioration in behavior, personality issues and difficulty in comprehending language.

Alzheimer’s Association, 2019

[22]

Music

Music is an art and expression of emotions. “It is the art of ordering or sounds in succession, in combination, and in temporal relationships to produce a composition having unity and continuity”

Merriam-Webster, 2019

[45]

Music Intervention (MI)

MI is defined as a therapeutic setting where music is controlled to accomplish a psychological, physiological and emotional well-being during a treatment of a disease.

Pedersen et al. (2017)

[46]

Music Therapy (MT)

MT is a music intervention that is used to accomplish therapeutic goals of individuals by a professional who has completed a music therapy program. It addresses physical, cognitive, emotional and social needs. Music therapy helps people express themselves when avenues of communication are difficult.

American Music Therapy Association [AMTA], (2019)

[47]

Personalized Music Intervention (PMI)

PMI is a non-pharmaceutical approach which utilizes music to help treat patients who have a clinical condition and disorder. Some symptoms include depression, anxiety, agitation and dementia.

Cerejeira, Lagarto & Mukaetova-Ladinska, (2012)

[13]

Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD)

BPSD, also known as neuropsychiatric symptoms, represents a group of cognitive symptoms and behavior occurring in patients with dementia. BPSD is common in dementia irrespective of the subtype. BPSD includes, hallucinations, agitation, violent motor behavior, anxiety and irritability.

Cerejeira, Lagarto & Mukaetova-Ladinska, (2012)

[13]

Pharmacological Intervention (PI)

PI is the use of a variety of medication to treat BPSD and other effects of dementia such as the symptom’s and side effects. The medications include antidepressants, AChEI, mood stabilizers, typical and atypical antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, memantine and other drugs.

Cerejeira, Lagarto & Mukaetova-Ladinska, (2012)

[13]

Nonpharmacological Intervention (NI)

NI is the use of therapies excluding medications to improve the quality of life for patients with dementia. The therapy interventions are classified into various different categories. This includes cognitive/emotion-oriented intervention such as stimulated presence therapy, reminiscence therapy and validation therapy. Sensory stimulation includes light therapy, music therapy, aromatherapy and acupuncture. Behavior management technique and psychological intervention such as exercise and animal-assisted therapy.

Cerejeira, Lagarto & Mukaetova-Ladinska, (2012)

[13]