Table 1: Citicoline’s action [13-16].

Increase in acetylcholine intra-synaptic levels

Increase in dopamine and noradrenaline intra-synaptic levels (indirect dopamine-agonist)

Increase in phospholipid synthesis (phosphatidylcholine)

Cell function and neuronal repair stimulation

Inhibition of brain ischemia associated apoptosis

Inhibition of different models of neurodegeneration

Neuroprotection and neuroplasticity boost

Efficacy in the long-term use (6-9 months and beyond)