Table 2: Mental health symptoms by
headache status.
|
Psychiatric Outcomes |
Headache |
|
|
|||
|
No |
Yes |
p |
Cohen’s d |
|||
|
Mean |
SD |
Mean |
SD |
|
|
|
|
Anxiety |
44.1 |
5.5 |
51.8 |
9.8 |
<.001 |
0.95 |
|
Depression |
43.2 |
7.0 |
48.1 |
8.4 |
.014 |
0.63 |
|
Anger |
41.2 |
5.2 |
47.7 |
8.8 |
<.001 |
0.90 |
|
Disruptive Behavior |
40.4 |
4.3 |
45.3 |
5.8 |
<.001 |
0.97 |
|
Self-Concept |
53.9 |
9.2 |
51.3 |
8.3 |
.218 |
0.29 |
These outcomes are
based upon scales from the Beck Youth Inventory, second edition. Anxiety
reflects psychological worry and physiological symptoms
associated with anxiety. Depression represents feelings of sadness, negative
thoughts of self, life, or future, and physiological symptoms of depression.
Anger captures feelings of anger, perceptions of mistreatment, and physiological
arousal. Disruptive behaviour covers conduct problems. Self-Concept depicts
positive self-worth and perceptions of personal strengths.