article = {CMR-2020-1-102}
title = {Outbreak of Encephalitis Caused by Human Herpesvirus Type 1 (HSV-1) in NonHuman Captive Primates in São Paulo, SP, Brazil}
journal = {Clinical Microbiology and Research}
year = {2020}
issn = {2674-418X}
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.CMR.2020.01.02}
url = {https://www.sciencerepository.org/outbreak-of-encephalitis-caused_CMR-2020-1-102 
author = {Ana Maria Cristina Rebello Pinto da Fonseca Martins ,Eliana Monteforte CassaroVillalobos ,Liliane Milanelo ,Marcia Helena Braga  Catroxo,Maria do Carmo Custódio de Souza Hunold Lara ,}
keywords = {Human herpesvirus type 1, non-human primates, transmission electron microscopy, histopathology, cell culture}
abstract ={Human herpesvirus type 1 (HSV-1), a Alphaherpesvirinae, has a broad range of cross-species infectivity
with considerable variation in expression and disease severity among different hosts. Infection in humans,
results in mild disease characterized by mucocutaneous lesions. In some species of nonhuman primates,
however, the infection can be lethal. Transmission occurs through food contaminated by humans with labial
herpes, offered to monkeys, constituting an important anthropozoonosis. In this study, we describe the
occurrence of two outbreaks of encephalitis caused by HSV-1, occurring in the State of São Paulo, Brazil.
The first outbreak affected a Brown howler monkey and three marmosets. The Brown howler monkey had
tongue ulcers and enteritis and the marmosets were found dead without presenting clinical symptomatology.
The second outbreak affected ten marmosets that were found dead suddenly in the enclosure without
presenting symptoms or clinical signs. Organ fragments were processed for transmission electron
microscopy, histopathology and inoculation in cell culture techniques. Ballooning degeneration, foci of
monolymphocytic inflammatory reaction, corpuscle of eosinophilic inclusion, monolymphocytic meningitis
and desquamative monolymphocytic enterocolitis, were the main lesions observed by histopathology. By
the negative staining technique, enveloped and non-enveloped, herpesvirus particles were found, measuring
120-200 nm in diameter in all samples of organ fragments. The presence of aggregates formed by antigenantibody complex, characterized the positive result obtained in the immunoelectron microscopy technique
for HSV-1. Using the immunocytochemistry technique, the antigen-antibody interaction was strongly
enhanced by the colloidal gold particles over the herpesvirus, confirming the presence of HSV-1.
Intranuclear incomplete particles measuring 80-100 nm in diameter and complete or enveloped scattered in
the cytoplasm, were visualized in ultrathin sections of liver and cell culture measuring 140 nm of diameter.
Immature particles budding from cell membranes were also observed. In viral isolation in VERO cells,
typical cytopathic effect was observed in brain samples.}