article = {JSO-2020-6-105}
title = {Combined Toxicity of Copper, Cadmium and Lead Toward Daphnia magna: Recommendation for Bioassay-Based Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) Testing in China}
journal = {Journal of Surgical Oncology}
year = {2020}
issn = {2674-3000}
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.JSO.2020.06.05}
url = {https://www.sciencerepository.org/combined-toxicity-of-copper-cadmium-and-lead-toward-daphnia-magna_JSO-2020-6-105 
author = {Lichao  Wang,Liqun Xing,Jie  Sun,Liye  Yang,}
keywords = {Metals, mixture toxicity, synergistic effect, risk management}
abstract ={Metals cause popular attention worldwide due to their non-degradability and universal distribution in the
aquatic ecosystem. In this study, the single, binary, and ternary combined toxicity of copper, cadmium, and
lead toward survival rate of Daphnia magna were investigated based on different level fixed equivalenteffect concentration ratios. Furthermore, the combined toxicity was predicted by concentration addition and
independent action models based on an established concentration-response relationship of a single toxicant
and compared with the experimental data. The results indicated both binary and ternary mixture of the three
metals had a strongly synergistic effect (EC50mix<1 TU) on the survival of Daphnia magna in all designed
mixture ratios, which is meaning that there may be potential risks even when the single toxicant meets the
discharged standards just based on chemical analysis. So, it is suggested that biological testing of whole
effluents toxicity based on aquatic organisms should be applied in environment and risk management in
China.}