Bane  T.A.,Bertels  J.C.,Matthew B. Wheeler,Polkoff  K.M.,Rubessa  M.,
The Effects of Vitamin D3, Vitamin B12, and Vitamin K on the Differentiation of Porcine Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ASC) into Osteoblasts
Journal of Biology Engineering and Medicine
2020

http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.JBEM.2020.01.01
https://www.sciencerepository.org/the-effects-of-vitamin-d3-vitamin-b12-and-vitamin-k_JBEM-2020-1-101 
Abstract: Large bone defects present a tremendous challenge to the treating surgeon. Tissue engineering using
scaffolds of various sizes and shapes that contain stem cells and other osteoinductive molecules offer a
potential solution to this difficult problem. The aim of this project was to evaluate if standard osteogenic
medium infused with either vitamin D3, vitamin K, or vitamin B12 influences the differentiation of adiposederived stem cells (ASC) into osteoblasts. Only the 100 nM vitamin D3 treatment had a positive influence
on ASC differentiation into osteoblasts. Moreover, we found higher levels (statistically significant) of
osteocalcin production in all vitamin groups compared with the standard osteogenic medium.
Keywords: ASC, differentiation, osteogenesis, osteocalcin, vitamins, regeneration