Abdulhakim W Zaggut,Muhammad M Rahman ,Ali  Ghanem,Simon  Myers,Malcolm  Harris,
Training Non-Specialists for Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in a Warzone Setting
Journal of Dentistry Open Access
2020
2674-4155
http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.JDOA.2020.02.06
https://www.sciencerepository.org/training-non-specialists-for-craniomaxillofacial-trauma-in-a-warzone-setting_JDOA-2020-2-106 
Abstract: This study investigated a simulated craniomaxillofacial (CMF) trauma training programme for nonspecialist clinicians involved in warfare environments. Many clinicians lack CMF surgical training and the
course was designed as a one-day research programme to establish if non-specialists could acquire CMF
trauma skills adequate for a warzone. The course consisted of six simulation skills, of which four used sheep
heads to teach craniotomy, epistaxis, canthotomy and cantholysis and external pin fixation for mandibular
fracture fixation. In addition, two skills utilised plaster dental models designed to enable fixation of
mandibular fractures with the Erich arch bar or dental eyelet wiring. This simulation-based programme
taught trauma management without the expense of cadavers or risks to patients [1]. The trainees were scored
for each of the six skills by hierarchical task analysis (HTA) designed by CMF specialists [2, 3]. The trainee
assessment scores improved significantly in all skills post-training, regardless of their medical or surgical
deficiencies demonstrating that non-specialists can learn important surgical techniques, valuable for war
environments.Keywords: Non-specialist clinician, simulation training, skill stations, hierarchical task analysis