Lifestylopathy: Unlocking Potential by Embracing Duality and Homeostasis for Improved Healthcare

A B S T R A C T

The article explores the integration of duality and homeostasis in healthcare to enhance health outcomes. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining balance and stability in both physical and non-physical aspects of the body for optimal well-being. The rationalization of the duality concept is discussed, drawing analogies from various natural systems and phenomena. The role of duality in homeostasis, including mental stability, metabolic processes, and energy forms, is explored. The article also highlights the significance of embracing duality in personal balance, lifestyle choices, and immune system activation. Furthermore, it discusses the implications of incorporating duality in disease prevention and treatment, emphasizing the integration of physical and non-physical aspects in personalized medicine. The synergy between medicine and lifestyle is highlighted in the context of lifestylopathy, emphasizing the need for compatibility and personalized approaches. Overall, the article concludes by highlighting the potential of embracing duality and homeostasis to revolutionize healthcare and improve patient outcomes.

Keywords

Duality, homeostasis, balance, stability, personalized medicine, prevention, cure, lifestyle, immune system

Introduction

In the field of healthcare, prevention and treatment of diseases are of prime importance [1]. However, the dynamics of health management and control require the development of novel concepts and strategies to effectively manage the complexities of modern healthcare [2]. A fundamental concept in healthcare is homeostasis, which plays a critical role in maintaining the balance of our internal environment [3]. Homeostasis ensures that various physiological processes are regulated to maintain a state of self-regulation that allows our bodies to function optimally despite external changes. However, achieving and maintaining this balance can be challenging due to the complicated interplay of factors within our body and the external environment [4]. To gain a deeper understanding of and maintain inner balance, the concept of duality has emerged as a feasible conceptual framework [5-7]. Duality recognizes the existence of two opposing forces or aspects that work together in harmony to create balance [8-10]. It recognizes that these opposing forces coexist and interact in our bodies and environment and play a central role in maintaining balance and stability [11].

By embracing the concept of duality, healthcare can be focused on optimizing the factors that contribute to maintaining homeostasis and activating the immune system [12]. Through this approach, individuals are empowered to take an active role in managing their own health. By gaining a deep understanding of the intricate relationship between duality and homeostasis, we unlock the potential to engage the immune system effectively and fight against diseases. This comprehensive strategy, integrated with personalized medicine and the concept of duality, holds the promise of achieving improved health outcomes and delivering better patient care.

Rationalization of Duality Concept

Duality, a fundamental concept in science, encompasses the coexistence of two opposing elements within a system. In the field of medicine, the concept of duality has been effectively utilized, as seen in the principles of yin and yang in traditional Chinese medicine [13-14]. These principles recognize the existence of opposing forces or energies that interact and maintain balance within the body. In biological systems, maintaining balance is crucial for optimal health and proper physiological functioning. To better understand the concept of duality, we can draw an analogy from the buffer concept in chemistry [11, 15]. In a buffer system, such as an acid-base system, opposing components, typically acids and bases, work together to maintain a stable pH. The regulation of pH in biological systems exemplifies the concept of duality, where acids and bases work in harmony to maintain a delicate balance. Deviations from the normal pH range can lead to pathological conditions. For instance, in blood pH regulation, a decrease in pH results in acidosis, while an increase in pH leads to alkalosis, both of which can be harmful to the body. The dual existence of bicarbonate ions as bases and carbonic acid as an acid allows the body to resist drastic pH changes caused by external factors, ensuring stability for proper physiological functions.

This interplay between opposing elements within the buffer system helps maintain internal pH stability and overall health. The concept of duality extends beyond chemistry and buffer systems, playing a crucial role in various biological processes. Understanding and embracing the concept of duality is particularly important in medicine, as it highlights the significance of integrating opposing forces to achieve balance and improve health outcomes [16]. By recognizing the interrelation of opposing elements in biological, physical, and interpersonal systems, we can gain new insights and explore new perspectives. This understanding enables us to develop strategies that enhance patient care and improve health outcomes. Recognizing the significance of embracing this concept in medicine becomes crucial, as it allows us to understand the importance of harmonizing opposing forces to attain balance. This realization holds the potential to revolutionize medical practice and ultimately result in enhanced patient outcomes.

The Role of Duality in Homeostasis

Maintaining homeostasis, the state of internal balance, is fundamental for optimal functioning of the body [17]. This delicate balance is achieved through the interplay of various dual systems that work together to achieve self-regulation [18]. Understanding the role of duality in different aspects of homeostasis provides valuable insights into the mechanisms that contribute to overall well-being. In terms of mental stability, the brain relies on a balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters [19]. Excitatory neurotransmitters promote activity and if dominant can lead to anxiety, while inhibitory neurotransmitters help regulate and calm the brain, potentially resulting in depression when dominant [20]. Achieving mental stability requires a dual relationship or buffer between these opposing neurotransmitter types. The delicate balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters ensures that the brain functions optimally, allowing for appropriate responses to stimuli and maintaining emotional equilibrium. Another duality can be observed in the metabolic processes of the body, involving anabolism and catabolism, which are opposite processes [21].

Anabolism builds new molecules and new cells, while catabolism breaks down complex molecules and eliminates cells. Striking a balance between these opposing processes is crucial for maintaining optimal physical stability. An imbalance can lead to weight gain, the development of unnecessary cells like cancer cells, or weight loss and weakness, eventually leading to detrimental health outcomes. The duality between anabolism and catabolism ensures that the body efficiently utilizes energy and resources to support growth, repair, and overall physiological functions [22]. Furthermore, the concept of duality extends to the energy forms in our body [23]. Potential energy and entropy are opposing forces that play a role in maintaining biological processes and regulating reaction speed. Potential energy generates work and is used for constructing complex molecules, while entropy generates heat to regulate body temperature [24]. Striving for a healthy energy balance requires maintaining equilibrium between potential energy and entropy. Imbalances can result in limited flexibility and slower reactions or increased disorder and faster reactions. Maintaining the necessary equilibrium between these opposing energy forms is essential for optimal physiological functioning. By recognizing and upholding the necessary equilibrium between opposing elements, such as neurotransmitters, metabolic processes, and energy forms, we can work towards achieving and maintaining overall well-being.

Exploring Duality in Personal Balance

Homeostasis and duality extend beyond the physical realm and have relevance in our non-physical aspects, which can significantly impact human personality [25]. By striving for self-regulation and balance, we can create our own personal system by making wise choices that align with our values and lifestyle. The exploration of duality at a personal level allows us to maintain a harmonious equilibrium and promote overall well-being. At the values level, achieving balance involves finding a harmonious equilibrium between material and non-material values. While it is important to pursue degrees, professional success, and material possessions such as cars and houses, it is equally important to enrich our human, moral, and spiritual values. Building a balance between all values adds deeper meaning to our lives and helps maintain a sense of purpose and existence. Another factor that enhances our personal growth is wisely choosing lifestyles that are compatible with our vision of life and sustainable for our health. Within any society, there exists a multitude of individuals with varied lifestyles and dietary preferences. Some may adhere to gluten-free, lactose-free, or glucose-free diets, while others follow vegetarian or vegan principles. Lifestyle choices can also be influenced by religious backgrounds, such as the observance of halal and kosher practices.

However, the notion of absolute freedom in our choices may not always lead to the best outcomes. Establishing boundaries and guidelines helps us differentiate between choices that benefit our health and those that may be harmful. These self-imposed guidelines serve as our personal buffer system, promoting stability and sustaining the non-physical aspect of our homeostasis. By setting boundaries and consciously aligning our choices with our values and lifestyles, we can navigate our personal path with wisdom and maintain a harmonious equilibrium. A stable personality plays a significant role in unlocking our full potential, which is needed to activate the fight mode of our immune system. When our personality and mindset remain stable, we are better equipped to face challenges and activate our body's natural defence mechanisms. Distractions or imbalances can negatively impact our overall personality, leading to either dispersed or suppressed personality traits. These imbalances can affect the efficiency of our immune system and shift the fight mode into either fright or flight mode, which can have damaging effects on our overall health [26]. Therefore, maintaining personal stability is crucial as it empowers us to unlock our potential, foster resilience, and promote an efficient immune response.

Embracing Duality for Preventing Disease

Maintaining good health in the context of medicine requires a comprehensive approach that considers both physical and non-physical factors. By implementing the concept of duality and adopting a holistic perspective, we can promote overall health and prevention more effectively. Addressing overall health involves considering both physical and non-physical aspects. At the physical level, it is important to make wise choices regarding exercise and nutrition. Extensive literature provides guidance on selecting exercises that are suitable for our health and age, as well as information on nutrition that provides the necessary building blocks for healthy cells, including amino acids, nucleosides, fatty acids, glucose, vitamins, and minerals [27, 28]. However, physical measures alone are not sufficient to achieve and maintain good health. Non-physical measures must also be taken into consideration to create favourable circumstances for prevention. The type of information we process and its impact on our behaviour plays a crucial role as non-physical factors in creating a vital balance with physical measures to achieve prevention. The compatibility between our behaviour and our thoughts, concepts, and beliefs can activate our potential and enrich our understanding of cause-effect relationships.

Conversely, exposure to distractive information or engaging in incompatible behaviour can create non-favourable circumstances for health, intensify fear and grief states, and disperse our potential. This can lead to an increase in entropy and disorder and shift the immune system's fight mode into a fright-flight response, which is an unhealthy state. Over time, individuals accumulate entropy and disorder, leading to aging and health problems. However, individuals also accumulate knowledge and experience, which contribute to a better understanding of life and its needs to maintain favourable circumstances for prevention. This indicates the importance of involving more knowledge-based information to compensate for the loss of physical strength. This comprehensive and dual approach, combining both physical and non-physical aspects, is essential for maintaining health and promoting prevention [29-30].

Embracing Duality for Curing Disease

To achieve complete recovery from a disease, it is necessary to embrace the duality of physical and non-physical elements in a comprehensive approach. This dual approach combines the use of therapeutic drugs, representing the physical aspect, with the integration of information, representing the non-physical aspect, to generate more effective treatment strategies. When it comes to information, it is important to diversify the sources to cater to individuals with different lifestyles and backgrounds. Three important sources of information are highlighted: supportive information, positive expressions, and recitations from holy books. Supportive information provides a comprehensive understanding of the situation, encompassing both positive and negative aspects. This prepares the patient for the best and worst outcomes, creating a sense of balance and strength. Supportive information contributes to balancing the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, promoting a state of equilibrium. In the absence of supportive information, distractive information may prevail, leading to increased anxiety and depression, which can complicate the healing process. Therefore, maintaining a positive attitude through supportive information is essential during the healing process. Therefore, during the healing process, it is essential to be selective in using expressions in front of the patient.

Focusing on utilizing positive expressions supports anabolic thinking, promotes the anabolic process, and enhances the healing potential. Conversely, negative expressions accelerate the catabolic process and increase entropy and disorder. These positive expressions can take various forms, including affirmations, prayers, and recitations from holy books. For individuals who practice religion in their daily lives, recitations from holy books serve as a source of supportive information. These recitations provide spiritual guidance, comfort, and a sense of connection to a higher power [31]. Believers often find solace, strength, and hope in reciting passages from their holy books during the healing process. It is important to note that the power of recitations lies not only in the words themselves but also in the faith and belief of the individual. The goal of utilizing information is to enhance the body's potential and activate the immune system's fight mode, which is critical for both prevention and healing. For simpler diseases, activating the immune system's fight mode through information can lead to full recovery. However, for complex diseases like cancer, the physical aspect of medicine, represented by therapeutic drugs, needs to be introduced wisely and under the recommendation of a physician [32]. The integration of the physical aspect of medicine, represented by therapeutic drugs, with the non-physical aspect of information, including supportive information and recitations from holy books, exemplifies the harmonious relationship between the tangible and intangible in the healing process.

In the realm of healthcare, understanding the principles of wave-particle duality, as elucidated in quantum mechanics, can provide a unique perspective on the interaction between information and medicine within the body [33, 34]. According to this concept, information can be transmitted through waves, while medicine acts as particles [35, 36]. By incorporating the principles of wave-particle duality into healthcare practice, it is potentially possible for physicians to develop more effective approaches to fighting disease and facilitating a full recovery [37]. This holistic perspective recognizes the interconnection of the mind, body, and spirit in the healing process. It acknowledges that information, in the form of supportive knowledge and positive expressions, can influence the body's response to treatment. The interaction between information and medicine, when viewed through the lens of wave-particle duality, holds the potential to unlock the body's innate healing potential. It is important to note that further research and exploration are needed to fully understand the implications and applications of wave-particle duality in healthcare.

Lifestylopathy: Synergy of Medicine and Lifestyle

Lifestylopathy introduces an innovative and distinct approach to personalized medicine, emphasizing a dual perspective that considers both the physical and non-physical facets of healthcare. This new outlook acknowledges the interconnection between medicine and an individual's lifestyle, understanding that our healing process is influenced not solely by physical factors like therapeutic drugs, but also by non-physical elements such as lifestyle choices [38]. By tightly integrating medicine and lifestyle, lifestylopathy aims to enhance treatment efficacy and customize drug therapies to align intimately with each individual's specific values and beliefs [39]. The vast potential of this particular perspective holds the promise of significantly improving healthcare outcomes.

A key aspect of lifestylopathy is the creation of a compatibility system that promotes trust and homogeneity in the healing process [40]. When patients feel that their treatment plan respects their individuality, trust in the healing process develops, leading to greater participation in treatment and ultimately better outcomes. In the context of personalised medicine and lifestylopathy, the homogeneity effect, the placebo effect and the therapeutic effect come into play when the prescribed medicine is harmonised with the patient's lifestyle (Figure 1). These three effects work synergistically to achieve more effective treatment and recovery [41].

Through the application of the duality concept, lifestylopathy unlocks the full potential of prescribed medicines without requiring any changes in their chemical composition or increased dosages. This aspect is especially critical in cancer therapy, where drug dosage and associated toxic effects often hinder the achievement of a complete recovery. Lifestylopathy and duality approach recognizes that our physical health is intricately influenced by our mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being. Integrating the physical and non-physical aspects is essential to actively involve patients in their recovery plans and to achieve more effective treatment outcomes. By recognizing the benefit of these dimensions, lifestylopathy offers a comprehensive and holistic approach to healthcare that empowers patients and improves their overall well-being [42].

Discussion

As individuals progress through life, two significant processes occur simultaneously. On one hand, physical strength tends to deteriorate, while on the other hand, knowledge and experiences accumulate. As life continue, the process of learning and personal growth continuous to leads toward the development of accumulated knowledge that encompasses various aspects of life. Similarly, as individuals grow older, they may experience a decline in physical strength, flexibility, and overall vitality. This physical decline can make them more susceptible to certain health conditions and diseases. While aging is a natural process that cannot be reversed or stopped, it can be slowed down by enriching potential energy and reducing entropy in the body [43].

Lifestylopathy in the context of halalopathy explores the aging process with respect to potential energy and entropy and concludes that creating a balancing relationship between these two forms of energy is essential in maintaining homeostasis and promoting overall well-being [44]. Lifestylopathy acknowledges the crucial role of duality, which involves leveraging both physical and non-physical elements to uphold active homeostasis. The concept of duality emphasizes the integration of physical inputs, such as maintaining strength and a healthy immune system, with non-physical inputs, such as knowledge and information.

Physical inputs play a vital and practical role in preserving the body's functionality and overall health. This includes engaging in regular exercise, adopting proper nutrition practices, and boosting the immune system. These physical inputs contribute to maintaining strength and vitality, even as individuals age. Simultaneously, non-physical inputs, such as knowledge and information, are equally important for maintaining good health. The accumulation of knowledge empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their health, understand the significance of preventive measures, and navigate complex healthcare systems. It enables them to adopt healthy lifestyle choices, seek appropriate medical care, and engage in self-care practices. While physical strength may naturally decline over time, the utilization of accumulated knowledge and experiences can compensate for this loss. By staying informed and actively engaging in health-promoting behaviours, individuals can optimize their health and mitigate the impact of physical deterioration. This holistic approach, integrating both physical and non-physical inputs, empowers individuals to maintain a sense of control over their health and make proactive choices that support their overall well-being.

Conclusion

The integration of duality and homeostasis in healthcare holds great potential for improving health outcomes. By recognizing and embracing the interplay of opposing forces and elements, individuals can actively participate in managing their own health and well-being. The rationalization of the duality concept and its application in homeostasis provide valuable insights into the mechanisms that contribute to overall health. Embracing duality in personal balance, lifestyle choices, and the activation of the immune system can promote resilience and unlock the potential for improved health outcomes. Lifestylopathy, the synergy between medicine and lifestyle, when approached with compatibility and personalized strategies, offers promising opportunities for enhancing healthcare. By unlocking the potential of duality and homeostasis, we can revolutionize medical practice and enhance overall well-being. Further research and exploration of these concepts are warranted to fully understand their implications and optimize their application in healthcare.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Prof. Quamrul Hasan, Prof. Khaled Abou Hadeed, and Reem Alzeer for their useful discussion and support.

Ethical Statement

The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Conflicts of Interest

None.

Article Info

Article Type

Research Article

Publication history

Received: Tue 08, Aug 2023
Accepted: Mon 28, Aug 2023
Published: Wed 06, Sep 2023

Copyright

© 2023 Jawad Alzeer. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Hosting by Science Repository.
DOI: 10.31487/j.RGM.2023.02.02

Author Info

Jawad Alzeer

Corresponding Author

Jawad Alzeer
Swiss Scientific Society for Developing Countries, Zurich, Switzerland

Figures & Tables

Figure 1: Lifestylopathy: A synergistic approach towards comprehensive treatment through the labelling of therapeutic drug with lifestyle.

References

1.     Yong SJ, Gwini SM, Tembo MC, Ng BL, Low CH et al. (2021) Frailty associations with socioeconomic status, healthcare utilisation and quality of life among older women residing in regional Australia. J Frailty Sarcopenia Falls 6: 209-217. [Crossref]

2.     Vărzaru AA (2022) An empirical framework for assessing the balanced scorecard impact on sustainable development in healthcare performance measurement. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19: 15155. [Crossref]

3.     Li Q, Zhang LN, Tao XM, Ding X (2017) Review of flexible temperature sensing networks for wearable physiological monitoring. Adv Healthc Mater 6. [Crossref]

4.     Ganguly T, Peterson AM, Burkholder M, Kajfasz JK, Abranches J et al. (2022) ZccE is a novel P-type ATPase that protects Streptococcus mutans against zinc intoxication. PLoS Pathog 18: e1010477. [Crossref]

5.     Atiyah M, Maldacena J, Vafa C (2001) An M-theory Flop As a Large N Duality. Journal of Mathematical Physics 42: 3209-3220.

6.     Williams P, Aaker J (2002) Can mixed emotions peacefully coexist? J Consum Res 28: 636-649.

7.     Esteves J, Cerritelli F, Kim J, Friston K (2022) Osteopathic care as (en)active inference: a theoretical framework for developing an integrative hypothesis in osteopathy. Front Psychol 13: 812926. [Crossref]

8.     Herrmann Pillath C (2019) From dual systems to dual function: rethinking methodological foundations of behavioural economics, Economics and Philosophy 35: 403-422.

9.     Strack F, Deutsch R (2015) The duality of everyday life: dual-process and dual system models in social psychology. Attitudes and Social Cognition 1: 891-927.

10.  Iga DP (2022) New chemical dualities illustrated by meso and C2 symmetrical (Cts) Compounds. AJBGMB 22: 15-34.

11.  Alzeer J (2023) The role of buffers in establishing a balance of homeostasis and maintaining health. Am J Med Chem 4: 1-6.

12.  Roy S, Rai A (2023) The quest for quality healthcare services - what we can learn from a settlement-based case study? IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci 1164: 012017.

13.  Ou B, Huang D, Hampsch Woodill M, Flanagan J (2003) When east meets west: the relationship between Yin‐Yang and antioxidation‐oxidation, FASEB J 17: 127-129. [Crossref]

14.  Huang Y, Yao P, Leung KW, Wang H, Kong XP (2018) The Yin-Yang property of Chinese medicinal herbs relates to chemical composition but not anti-oxidative activity: An illustration using spleen-meridian Herbs. Front Pharmacol 9: 1304. [Crossref]

15.  Rodriguez J, Hensiek S, Meyer JR, Harwood CJ, Towns MH (2018) Buffers in context: baby wipes as a buffer system. J. Chem. Educ. 95: 1816-1820.

16.  Seki K, Chisaka M, Eriguchi M, Yanagie H, Hisa T et al. (2005) An attempt to integrate Western and Chinese medicine: rationale for applying Chinese medicine as chronotherapy against cancer, Biomed Pharmacother 59: S132–S140. [Crossref]

17.  Hegyi G, Vincze G, Szasz A (2012) On the dynamic equilibrium in homeostasis, OJBIPHY 2: 60-67.

18.  Poels J, Spasić M, Callaerts P, Norga K (2009) Expanding roles for amp-activated protein kinase in neuronal survival and autophagy. BioEssays 31: 944-952. [Crossref]

19.  Bird SP, Tarpenning KM (2004) Influence of circadian time structure on acute hormonal responses to a single bout of heavy-resistance exercise in weight-trained men, Chronobiol Int 21: 131-146. [Crossref]

20.  Alzeer J (2022) Halalopathy: Anxiety and depression from logic and energetic perspectives. Am J Biomed Sci & Res 16: 378-384.

21.  Sotgia F, Martinez Outschoorn U, Lisanti M (2013) Cancer metabolism: new validated targets for drug discovery, Oncotarget 4:1309-1316. [Crossref]

22.  Alzeer J (2022) Directionality of chemical reaction and spontaneity of biological process in the context of entropy. Int J Regenr Med 5(2): 1-7.

23.  Zhu Y, Yang Y, Gu X, Gao Q, Diko P, Yao X (2023) Natural strategies for creating non-equilibrium morphology with self-repairing capability towards rapid growth of excellent yba₂cu₃o_7−δ crystals. Int Union Crystallogr J 10: 177-188. [Crossref]

24.  Alzeer J. Halalopathy: Improving potential energy and minimising entropy offer an integrative approach for more effective treatment. Medicon Med Sci 2: 21-24.

25.  Alzeer J, Benmerabet H (2023) The development of human personality: a comprehensive overview. Psychol Dis Res 6: 1-8.

26.  Alzeer J (2022) Halalopathy: Stimulation of the immune system through enrichment of potential energy. Int J Regenr Med 5: 1-5.

27.  St John L, Borschneck G, Cairney J (2020) A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effect of exercise on individuals with intellectual disability. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil 125: 274-286. [Crossref]

28.  Chen Y, Michalak M, Agellon LB (2018) Importance of nutrients and nutrient metabolism on human health. Yale J Biol Med 91: 95-103. [Crossref]

29.  Ohrnberger J, Fichera E, Sutton M (2017) The dynamics of physical and mental health in the older population, J Econ Ageing 9:52-62. [Crossref]

30.  Mathiesen I, Gunnarsdottir H (2021) Separate counselling services in norwegian upper secondary schools. a possibility for a collective holistic approach? Int J Educ Vocat Guidance 22: 557-576.

31.  Milner K, Crawford P, Edgley A, Hare Duke L, Slade M (2019) The experiences of spirituality among adults with mental health difficulties: a qualitative systematic review. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 29: e34. [Crossref]

32.  Alzeer J (2022) Halalopathy: Revival of miraculous cure and creation of favourable circumstances for cancer therapy. Medicon Med Sci 2: 21-28.

33.  Latif WA, Ggha S (2019) Understanding neurobehavioural dynamics: a close-up view on psychiatry and quantum mechanics. Malays J Med Sci 26:147-156. [Crossref]

34.  Arndt M, Juffmann T, Vedral V (2009) Quantum physics meets biology. HFSP J 3: 386-400. [Crossref]

35.  Moody ML (2020). Harmonic wave pattern entangled Genesis. Nuclear Physics B.

36.  Morachis JM, Mahmoud EA, Almutairi A (2012) Physical and chemical strategies for therapeutic delivery by using polymeric nanoparticles, Pharmacol Rev 64: 505-519. [Crossref]

37.  Youssef PN, Sheibani N, Albert DM (2011) Retinal light toxicity. Eye (Lond) 25: 1-14. [Crossref]

38.  Mollborn S, Lawrence EM, Saint Onge JM (2021) Contributions and challenges in health lifestyles research. J Health Soc Behav 62: 388-403. [Crossref]

39.  Kushner RF, Sorensen KW (2013) Lifestyle medicine: the future of chronic disease management. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 20: 389-395. [Crossref]

40.  Alzeer J (2019) Halalopathy: A science of trust in medicine. J Integr Med 17: 150-154. [Crossref]

41.  Alzeer J (2021) Permissible Medicine and Rationalization of Halal Pharma. Halalsphere 1: 43-52.

42.  Sarris J, O'Neil A, Coulson C, Schweitzer I, Berk M (2014) Lifestyle medicine for depression. BMC Psychiatr 14: 107. [Crossref]

43.  Alzeer J (2022) Halalopathy: role of entropy in the aging process. Am J Biomed Sci & Res 16: 147-154.

44. Alzeer J (2023) Recognizing limitations: overcoming challenges in enhancing health and preventing disease. Eur J Gen Med 3: 1-7.