Optimal Upfront CLL Treatment during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Dear Editor,
Here, we report the optimal upfront CLL treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Introduction
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has challenged our healthcare systems and threatened individuals worldwide, particularly the most vulnerable elderly and those with medical comorbidities. The emergence of the new virus variant with its increased infectivity threats requires a quick response before the availability of evidence on managing patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in this pandemic. Accordingly, this document prepared to provide informed opinions based on available evidence on how CLL patients were treated during the pandemic period.
CLL and COVID-19 Infection Risk
Several factors linked to CLL contribute to the high risk of recurrent infections, including cellular and humoral immune defects (hypogammaglobulinemia, qualitative and quantitative B and T cell defects, CD4+ lymphopenia, innate immune dysfunction, and neutropenia). This immune dysfunction resulted in the impaired immune response to infection and vaccination [1]. These immune defects can be exacerbated further by chemoimmunotherapy (CIT), with an associated risk of viral infections [2]. Thus, exiting and or treatment induce immune dysfunction might also prevent or delay CLL patients’ ability to react against the SARS-CoV-2 virus or cope with COVID-19 infection severity.
It is uncertain whether cancer patients, including CLL, have a higher prevalence of COVID-19 infection than matched age and gender normal populations [3]. However, there is accumulating evidence that cancer conveys a more unsatisfactory outcome in patients with COVID-19 infection [4]. CLL is a disease of the elderly population more often associated with pre-existing medical comorbidities, which have a detrimental effect on COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. The typical patient with CLL may already have background risk factors for life-threatening COVID-19 that apply to the general population [4]. Accordingly, around 70% of patients with CLL are male, 70% are older than 65 years, 25% harbour >2 comorbidities, 21% have hypertension, 13% cardiovascular disease, 26% diabetes, and 5% chronic respiratory disease [5].
COVID-19 Infection Prevention Strategy and CLL
Until the COVID-19 vaccine becomes available, public health and non-pharmaceutical interventions aimed at reducing population contact rate and ultimately reducing virus transmission which are the most effective prevention measures for SARS-CoV-2 infection [6]. The spread of SARS-CoV-2 across patients and healthcare professionals is a serious concern and COVID-19 free environments are the ultimate goal for safely taking care of CLL patients [7]. The same will also imply using treatment options if indicated with less risk of further suppressing the immune systems and requiring less frequent hospital visits during both endemic and future epidemic outbreaks.
Management of CLL Patients Needing Therapy during the Pandemic
Unless specific treatment initiation criteria are met, clinicians should defer the CLL treatment initiation. In general, during the COVID-19 pandemic, commencing of therapy is postponed until the epidemic trajectory is decreasing. When treatment cannot be deferred, we should use the systemic treatment that requires fewer hospital visits and less immune suppressive to reduce the risk of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infection. In our practice, only Chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) is licensed in the upfront line setting for most CLL patients (~90%) (lacking p53 gene alterations), while targeted therapies (Ibrutinib & Venetoclax) only approved for patient harbouring p53 disruptions (~10%). With these limitations, CLL treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic has proven to be a challenging task, further complicated with CIT, which increases the risk of infection.
Optimal Upfront CLL Treatment Options during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Ibrutinib as monotherapy for upfront treatment for CLL patients is considered as the ideal if not the best treatment option during the COVID-19 pandemic. The rationale of this recommendation is based on the following evidence:
i. Several well-designed clinical trials confirmed targeted therapies (Ibrutinib & Venetoclax) are associated with prolonged progression-free and overall survival, in comparison with the standard of care (CIT) [8-11].
ii. Ibrutinib therapy is associated with a lower risk of infections and less frequent hospital care than CIT [12]. The reported risk of opportunistic infections for Ibrutinib is low (4.1%), compared favourably to CIT [13]. Also, Ibrutinib does not produce significant lymphopenia, a known risk factor for severe COVID-19 [13].
iii. Ibrutinib treatment requires a few routine hospital visits and lab assessments with low neutropenia risk [12]. It also enhances the T cell immune reconstitution, which decreases the infection rate after the first six months of therapy [12, 14]. Although Ibrutinib is a continuous therapy not allowing treatment-free intervals during the pandemic. However, for patients in remission, treatment interruption for side effects, the achieved response may last for a prolonged period before an alternative therapy is required [15].
iv. Emerging data reporting anti-inflammatory effects in COVID-19 patients using BTK inhibitors are also undergoing investigation in clinical trials (NCT04346199) [16]. By targeting BTK and other kinases and intermediates, Ibrutinib can minimize inflammation and prevent acute lung injury or ARDS and reduce viral replication during the COVID-19 pandemic [17].
v. In CLL patients, the serologic response post-SARS-CoV-2 infection is impaired, and with only one-third of patients developing detectable immunoglobulin G antibodies after a median of ∼2 months [18]. This inadequate immune response could be compromised further by CIT and the addition of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. The addition of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies failed to improve PFS when combined with Ibrutinib [19]. Therefore, Ibrutinib monotherapy is a less immunosuppressive and very effective treatment without the immune response impact of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy on COVID-19 infection and vaccination. The CLL research community has already developed a COVID-19/CLL consortium and presented inferior outcomes in this population [20].
According to these considerations and reasons addressed above, we recommend Ibrutinib monotherapy for all CLL patients requiring treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic considering the cost-effectiveness of this approach.
Article Info
Article Type
Letter to the EditorPublication history
Received: Mon 22, Feb 2021Accepted: Mon 08, Mar 2021
Published: Wed 17, Mar 2021
Copyright
© 2023 Ezzat Elhassadi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Hosting by Science Repository.DOI: 10.31487/j.IJCST.2021.01.01
Author Info
Corresponding Author
Ezzat ElhassadiConsultant Haematologist, Honorary Clinical Lecturer for UCC & RCSI, Clinical Director for Haematology and transfusion services, University Hospital Waterford, Ireland
Figures & Tables
References
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